mathematics Pythagoras 6th century BC originator mathematics mathematics Euclides 4th century BC geometry mathematics Hipparchos 2nd century BC trigonometry mathematics Ptolemeus 2nd century BC model of solar system mathematics Bashkara 7th century BC idea for 0 mathematics Hieronymus Cardanus 1645 cubic functions mathematics René Descartes 1637 analytical geometry mathematics Blaise Pascal 1653 air pressure and arithmetic mathematics Gottfried Leibniz 1684 calculus mathematics Isaac Newton 1687 gravity, optics and differential calculus mathematics Leonard Euler 1736 number theory and graph theory mathematics Pierre Laplace 1825 celestial mechanics and statistics mathematics Carl Friedrich Gauss 1828 Princeps Mathematoricum mathematics Pierre-Simon Laplace 1796 Laplacetransformation mathematics George Boole 1844 Boolean logics mathematics Joseph Fourier 1822 Fourieranalyses mathematics Bernhard Riemann 1854 complex analyses and number theory mathematics Henri Poincaré 1887 topology and differentiating mathematics Kurt Gödel 1930 logics and continuum hypothesis mathematics Roger Penrose 1950 Penrose tiles and singularities mathematics John Nash 1952 game theory and differential calculus mathematics Edward Lorenz 1961 chaos theory mathematics Paul Erdös 1963 the solver of issues mathematics Benoit Mandelbrot 1975 fractals mathematics Grigori Perelman 2006 proves conjecture of Poincaré chemistry Robert Boyle 1661 The Sceptical Chymist chemistry Joseph Priestley 1786 flogiston theory chemistry Antoine Lavoisier 1795 oxygen oxidises chemistry John Dalton 1803 atom theory chemistry Amadeo Avogadro 1811 molecule theory chemistry Jöns Jacob Berzelius 1828 stoechiometry chemistry Friedrich Wöhler 1828 organic chemistry chemistry Michael Faraday 1830 electrochemistry and electromagnetism chemistry Justus von Liebig 1838 artificial fertilizer and organic chemistry chemistry Friedrich Kekulé 1857 aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry Dmitri Mendeleev 1869 periodic system chemistry Johannes Diderik van der Waals 1871 thermodynamics and theoretical chemistry chemistry Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1874 solutions and stereochemistry chemistry Marie Curie 1898 radioactive elements chemistry Ernest Rutherford 1911 nucleus chemistry Niels Bohr 1913 electro lanes chemistry Leonard Baekeland 1907 polymers chemistry Svante Arrhenius 1884 fysic chemistry chemistry Irving Langmuir 1917 interfacial chemistry chemistry Linus Pauling 1932 quantum chemistry chemistry James Watson 1953 clarification DNA-structure chemistry Ilya Prigogine 1955 self-organization and non-balance chemistry Paul Crutzen 1985 atmospheric chemistry astronomy Eratosthenes 3rd century BC circumference earth astronomy Hipparchos 2nd century BC trigonometry astronomy Ptolemeus 2nd century BC model of solar system astronomy Copernicus 1543 heliocentrism astronomy Johannes Kepler 1595 geometry of the universe astronomy Galileo Galilei 1616 heliocentrism astronomy Christiaan Huygens 1655 saturn rings astronomy Edmond Halley 1718 movement of stars astronomy Isaac Newton 1687 gravity, optics and differential calculus astronomy Pierre Laplace 1825 celestial mechanics and statistics astronomy Carl Friedrich Gauss 1828 Princeps Mathematoricum astronomy William Herschel 1781 discovery uranus astronomy Charles Messier 1781 star catalogue astronomy Albert Einstein 1916 relativity theory astronomy Karl Schwarzchild 1915 Schwarz shield ray astronomy Fred Hoyle 1948 steady-state-theory astronomy Jan Hendrik Oort 1956 pioneer radioastronomy astronomy John Archibald Wheeler 1957 wormholes astronomy Allan Sandage 1961 definition Hubbleconstant astronomy Roger Penrose 1950 Penrosetiles and singularities astronomy Stephen Hawking 1974 radiation from black holes astronomy Alan Harvey Guth 1980 cosmic inflation astronomy Lee Smolin 1991 cosmic natural selection biology Aristoteles 323 v. Chr. universal scientist biology Antoine Lavoisier 1795 oxygen oxidates biology Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1802 heredity biology Carl Linneaus 1738 taxonomy biology Charles Darwin 1859 evolution theory biology Gregor Mendel 1865 heredity biology Hugo de Vries 1890 concept of genes biology Thomas Hunt Morgan 1910 chromosoms biology Sydney Brenner 1961 RNA-biology biology James Watson 1953 clarification DNA-structure biology Ernst Mayr 1942 biological species biology William Donald Hamilton 1964 evolution biology biology Edward O. Wilson 1967 socio-biology biology Stephen Jay Gould 1977 interrupted balances biology Richard Lewontin 1978 adaptation physics Galileo Galilei 1616 heliocentrism physics Evangelista Torricelli 1644 barometer physics Isaac Newton 1687 gravity, optics and differential calculus physics Alessandro Volta 1800 accu physics Michael Faraday 1830 electrochemistry and electromegnetism physics James Maxwell 1861 electromagnetism and radiation physics Max Planck 1900 quantumtheory physics Niels Bohr 1913 electron lanes physics Albert Einstein 1916 relativity theory physics Erwin Schrödinger 1921 quantum mechanics physics Werner Heisenberg 1925 insecurity principle physics Enrico Fermi 1934 originator neutrino physics Paul Dirac 1955 unification attempt quantumfysics and relativity theory physics Peter Higgs 1960 Higgsmechanism physics Murray Gell-Mann 1964 quarks physics Steven Weinberg 1967 unification of nuclear forces physics Martin Veltman en Gerard 't Hooft 1970 quantumstructure and electro-weak interaction physics Leonard Susskind 1972 string theory physics Michael Green en John Schwarz 1984 superstrings physics Edward Witten 1995 superstrings physics Makoto Kobayashi en Toshihide Maskawa 1995 topquark genomics James Watson 1953 clarification DNA-structure genomics Marshall Warren Nirenberg 1962 genetic code genomics Frederick Sanger 1977 sequencing genomics Kary Mullis 1983 polymerase-chain reaction genomics Craig Venter 2000 clarification genome informatics George Boole 1844 Boolean logics informatics Alan Turing 1950 artificial intelligence informatics Vincent Cerf 1970 Internet informatics Tim Berners-Lee 1983 World-Wide Web informatics Stephen Wolfram 1986 computing mathematics